in west Devon

west [west]

1. noun

• to the west (of) à l'ouest (de)

• in the west of Scotland dans l'ouest de l'Écosse

• a house facing the west une maison exposée à l'ouest

• the West l'Occident m ; (in US) l'Ouest m

2. adjective

[coast, wing] ouest inv

• west wind vent m d'ouest

• on the west side du côté ouest

• a room with a west aspect une pièce exposée à l'ouest

• in west Devon dans l'ouest du Devon

3. adverb

[go, travel, fly] vers l'ouest ; [be, lie] à l'ouest

• go west till you get to Crewe allez en direction de l'ouest jusqu'à Crewe

• we drove west for 100km nous avons roulé vers l'ouest pendant 100 km

• further west plus à l'ouest

4. compounds

► West Africa noun Afrique f occidentale

► the West Bank noun la Cisjordanie

► West Berlin noun Berlin-Ouest

► the West Country noun (British) le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre

► the West End noun (in London) le West End (centre touristique et commercial de Londres)

► west-facing adjective exposé à l'ouest

► West German adjective allemand de l'Ouest

► West Germany noun Allemagne f de l'Ouest

► West Indian adjective antillais noun

► the West Indies plural noun les Antilles fpl

► West Point noun école militaire américaine

► West Virginia noun Virginie-Occidentale f

• in West Virginia en Virginie-Occidentale

* * *

noun ouest m

West noun Politics, Geography

adjective gen ouest inv; [wind] d'ouest

adverb [move] vers l'ouest; [lie, live] à l'ouest (of de)

••

1) (the direction in which the sun sets or any part of the earth lying in that direction: They travelled towards the west; The wind is blowing from the west; in the west of Britain.) oeste

2) ((often with capital: also W) one of the four main points of the compass.) oeste

1) (in the west: She's in the west wing of the hospital.) oeste

2) (from the direction of the west: a west wind.) del oeste

- westerly

- westernmost

west n adj adv oeste

tr[west]

noun

1 oeste nombre masculino, occidente nombre masculino

■ the sun sets in the west el sol se pone por el oeste

adjective

1 occidental, del oeste

adverb

1 al oeste, hacia el oeste

■ it faces west mira hacia el oeste

■ they were pushed west by invading tribes fueron empujados hacia el oeste por las tribus invasoras

noun the West

1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL Occidente nombre masculino, los países nombre masculino plural occidentales

\

the Far West el Lejano Oeste

the West Coast la costa oeste

the West Country zona del sudoeste de Inglaterra

the West End zona céntrica londinense de comercios, teatros y cines

West Indies las Antillas

West Indian antillano,-a

west ['wɛst] adv

: al oeste

west adj

: oeste, del oeste, occidental

west winds: vientos del oeste

west n

1) : oeste m

the West : el Oeste, el Occidente

• del oeste adj.

• occidental adj.

• oeste adj.

• al oeste adv.

• ocaso s.m.

• occidente s.m.

• oeste s.m.

• poniente s.m.

1)

a) (point of the compass, direction) oeste m

b) ( region)

2) the West

a) ( the Occident) (el) Occidente m

b) (Pol, Hist) el Oeste

c) ( in US) el Oeste (americano)

3) West ( in bridge) Oeste m

adjective (before n) oeste adj inv, occidental; < wind> del oeste

adverb al oeste

N oeste m, occidente m

ADJ [part, coast] oeste, del oeste, occidental; [wind] del oeste

ADV (=westward) hacia el oeste; (=in the west) al oeste, en el oeste

- go west

* * *

1)

a) (point of the compass, direction) oeste m

b) ( region)

2) the West

a) ( the Occident) (el) Occidente m

b) (Pol, Hist) el Oeste

c) ( in US) el Oeste (americano)

3) West ( in bridge) Oeste m

adjective (before n) oeste adj inv, occidental; < wind> del oeste

adverb al oeste

west [west]

1 noun

(a) Geography ouest m;

∎ in the west à l'ouest, dans l'ouest;

∎ the house lies to the west (of the town) la maison se trouve à l'ouest (de la ville);

∎ two miles to the west trois kilomètres à l'ouest;

∎ look towards the west regardez vers l'ouest;

∎ I was born in the west je suis né dans l'Ouest;

∎ in the west of Austria dans l'ouest de l'Autriche;

∎ on the west of the island à l'ouest de l'île;

∎ the wind is in the west le vent est à l'ouest;

∎ the wind is coming from the west le vent vient ou souffle de l'ouest;

∎ the West (the Occident) l'Occident m, les pays mpl occidentaux; (in US) l'Ouest m (États situés à l'ouest du Mississippi)

(b) Cards ouest m

2 adjective

(a) Geography ouest (inv), de l'ouest; (country) de l'Ouest; (wall) exposé à l'ouest;

∎ the west coast la côte ouest;

∎ in west London dans l'ouest de Londres;

∎ on the west side du côté ouest

(b) (wind) d'ouest

3 adverb

à l'ouest; (travel) vers l'ouest, en direction de l'ouest;

∎ the village lies west of Manchester le village est situé à l'ouest de Manchester;

∎ the living room faces west la salle de séjour est exposée à l'ouest;

∎ the path heads (due) west le chemin va ou mène (droit) vers l'ouest;

∎ drive west until you come to a main road roulez vers l'ouest jusqu'à ce que vous arriviez à une route principale;

∎ I travelled west je suis allé vers l'ouest;

∎ he travelled west for three days pendant trois jours, il a voyagé en direction de l'ouest;

∎ to sail west naviguer cap sur l'ouest;

∎ it's 20 miles west of Edinburgh c'est à 32 kilomètres à l'ouest d'Édimbourg;

∎ west by north/by south ouest-quart-nord-ouest/ouest-quart-sud-ouest;

∎ the school lies further west of the town hall l'école se trouve plus à l'ouest de la mairie;

∎ to go west aller à ou vers l'ouest; familiar humorous (person) passer l'arme à gauche; (thing) tomber à l'eau;

∎ familiar there's another job gone west! encore un emploi de perdu!

►► West Africa Afrique f occidentale;

1 noun

habitant(e) m,f de l'Afrique occidentale

2 adjective

(languages, states) de l'Afrique occidentale, ouest-africain;

the West Bank la Cisjordanie;

∎ on the West Bank en Cisjordanie;

formerly West Berlin Berlin m Ouest;

formerly West Berliner habitant(e) m,f de Berlin Ouest;

Irish familiar pejorative West Brit = terme péjoratif désignant les Irlandais qui cherchent à s'angliciser par l'accent, le mode de vie etc;

the West Coast la côte ouest (des États-Unis);

the West Country = le sud-ouest de l'Angleterre (Cornouailles, Devon et Somerset);

noun

(in general) les quartiers mpl ouest; (of London) le West End (centre touristique et commercial de la ville de Londres connu pour ses théâtres);

1 noun

Allemand(e) m,f de l'Ouest

2 adjective

ouest-allemand;

formerly West Germany Allemagne f de l'Ouest;

∎ in West Germany en Allemagne de l'Ouest;

Geography West Glamorgan le West Glamorgan, = comté du sud-ouest du pays de Galles;

∎ in West Glamorgan dans le West Glamorgan;

West Highland terrier terrier m écossais, West Highland terrier m; West Indian

1 noun

Antillais(e) m,f

2 adjective

antillais;

the West Indies les Antilles fpl;

∎ in the West Indies aux Antilles;

∎ the French West Indies les Antilles françaises;

∎ the Dutch West Indies les Antilles néerlandaises;

the West Midlands les West Midlands mpl, = comté du centre de l'Angleterre;

∎ in the West Midlands dans les West Midlands;

West Point = importante école militaire américaine;

American the West Side les quartiers mpl ouest de New York;

West Sussex le Sussex occidental, = comté du sud de l'Angleterre;

∎ in West Sussex dans le Sussex occidental;

West Virginia la Virginie-Occidentale;

∎ in West Virginia en Virginie-Occidentale;

West Yorkshire le West Yorkshire, = comté du nord de l'Angleterre;

∎ in West Yorkshire dans le West Yorkshire

✾ Film 'Once Upon a Time in the West' Leone 'Il était une fois dans l'ouest'

ⓘ Go West young man On attribue cette phrase ("va vers l'Ouest, jeune homme") à John Soule, journaliste américain de l'Indiana qui l'aurait employée pour la première fois en 1851. Il s'agit d'une allusion à la colonisation de l'ouest américain mais on emploie cette formule dans d'autres contextes, lorsque quelqu'un part en voyage vers l'Ouest, quel que soit le pays où il se trouve, ou bien en l'adaptant en remplaçant "ouest" par un autre terme. On utilise aussi cette expression pour encourager quelqu'un à faire preuve d'ambition et à se déplacer de façon à trouver du travail.

A n. [u]

1 ovest; occidente; ponente; parte occidentale: Bordeaux is in the west of France, Bordeaux è nella parte occidentale della Francia; Spain lies to the west of France, la Spagna è a ovest della Francia

2 (geogr.) – the West, (in GB, in Irlanda, ecc.) l'Ovest; ( USA) l'Ovest, il West ( i territori a ovest del Mississippi); ( in genere, anche polit.) l'Occidente, i paesi occidentali, il mondo occidentale; the Far West, il lontano Ovest; (in USA) il Far West

B a.

1 dell'ovest; di ponente; occidentale: a west wind, un vento di (o da) ponente; on the west coast, sulla costa occidentale; West Africa, l'Africa Occidentale; (ling.) West Germanic, germanico occidentale

2 (situato a) ovest: the west entrance, l'entrata ovest; the west side of the house, il lato ovest della casa

3 (esposto, rivolto, che guarda) a ovest (o a ponente): a west window, una finestra a ponente

C avv.

a (o verso) ovest; a (o verso) occidente: The house faces west, la casa è esposta a ovest; to sail west, navigare verso occidente

● (geogr.) West Bank, Cisgiordania □ (in Inghil.) the West Country, l'Ovest (le regioni occidentali dell'Inghilterra, in particolare, la Cornovaglia, il Devon, il Dorset e il Somerset) □ the West End, il West End ( quartiere elegante di Londra: quello dei principali teatri e dei bei negozi) □ West Ender, abitante del ‘West End’ □ (stor.) West Germany, la Germania dell'Ovest; la Germania Occidentale □ West Indian, (abitante, nativo) delle Indie Occidentali □ the West Indies, le Indie Occidentali □ (in USA) West Point, l'Accademia Militare degli Stati Uniti d'America □ West Side, zona occidentale di Manhattan ( a New York) □ ( USA) West Sider, abitante del ‘West Side’ □ to go west, andare all'ovest; (fam.) crepare, morire; andare in rovina (o alla malora).

noun ( in UK)

* * *

noun ( in UK)

(Brit.) Westengland, das

* * *

I. n no pl

▪ the \West Country der Südwesten Englands

II. adj attr, inv südwestenglisch

* * *

West Country s Br Südwestengland n (besonders Cornwall, Devon und Somerset)

* * *

(Brit.) Westengland, das

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping, Public utilities, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.

From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).

Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).

The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.

Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.

As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.

The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).

The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.

[br]

south [saʊθ]

1. noun

• to the south of au sud de

• in the south of Scotland dans le sud de l'Écosse

• house facing the south maison exposée au sud

• to live in the south habiter dans le Sud

• the South of France le Sud de la France le Midi

2. adjective

• south wind vent m du sud

• south coast côte f sud

• on the south side du côté sud

• the south door of the cathedral le portail sud de la cathédrale

• in south Devon dans le sud du Devon

3. adverb

[go] vers le sud ; [be, lie] au sud, dans le sud

• the town lies south of the border la ville est située au sud de la frontière

• further south plus au sud

• we drove south for 100km nous avons roulé pendant 100 km en direction du sud

• go south till you get to Crewe allez vers le sud jusqu'à Crewe

• to sail due south aller plein sud

4. compounds

► South Africa noun Afrique f du Sud

► South African adjective sud-africain noun

► South America noun Amérique f du Sud

► South American adjective sud-américain noun

► the South Atlantic noun l'Atlantique m sud

► South Carolina noun Caroline f du Sud

• in South Carolina en Caroline du Sud ► south-east noun sud-est m adjective sud-est inv adverb vers le sud-est, au sud-est

► South-East Asia noun Sud-Est m asiatique

► south-easterly adjective [wind, direction] du sud-est ; [situation] au sud-est adverb vers le sud-est

► south-eastern adjective sud-est

► south-eastward, south-eastward adverb vers le sud-est

► south-facing adjective exposé au sud

► the South Pacific noun le Pacifique Sud

► the South Pole noun le pôle Sud

► south-west noun sud-ouest m adjective sud-ouest inv adverb vers le sud-ouest, au sud-ouest

► south-westerly adjective [wind, direction] du sud-ouest

► south-western adjective sud-ouest inv

* * *

noun sud m

adjective gen sud inv; [wind] gen du sud; Meteorology de sud

adverb [move] vers le sud; [lie, live] au sud (of de)

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

He was the son of John Johnson, then sole Commercial Assayer in London, from whom he inherited his aptitude for chemistry and metallurgy. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to his father by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. Ore samples then being analysed in Johnson's office introduced him to the new metal platinum, and resulted in a paper to Philosophical Magazine in 1812. Johnson established himself as a "practical mineralogist" in Maiden Lane, London, in 1818 and in Hatton Garden after 1822. He was greatly assisted by a fellow metallurgist, Thomas Cock (1787–1842), who developed the platinum fabrication and pigment sides of die business. In 1827 Johnson was consulted by the Russian government about the exploitation of the rich platinum deposits that had been discovered in the Urals in 1819. Between 1829 and 1832 Johnson became the first in England to manufacture nickel, extracted from nickel-bearing material imported from Germany at his plant at Bow Common on the Regent's Canal. In 1832 he began to réfine gold imported from the Imperial Brazilian Association by a process which separated without loss the metals silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium. This profitable activity continued until the Brazilian company was wound up in 1852. Since 1824, Johnson had been named "assay master" by a number of mining companies. From 1843 until the mid-1850s he had a considerable mining interest in the West Country. Meanwhile, the Hatton Garden establishment continued to prosper. In 1839 he was joined by George Matthey, who particularly fostered the Russian platinum business, and in 1851 he was taken unto partnership and the firm became the celebrated Johnson Matthey. In the following year the firm was officially recognized as one of the four Assayers to the Bank of England appointed to handle the flood of gold dust then arriving in England from the Australian gold fields. Soon after, however, ill health compelled him to retire to his Devon country house.

[br]